Tuesday, 25 October 2016

வாழ்வின் பாவனை


இதுவரை யாருக்கும் தெரியாது
முளைத்துவிட்ட சிறகுகளை
முடக்கி வைத்திருக்கிறேன் என்று..

கூண்டுக்கதவு திறக்கும்வரை
இப்படியேதான் பாவிக்கவேண்டும்

இறந்தது போலவே…

Thursday, 13 October 2016

புதுக்கவிதை வடிவில் திருக்குறள்




தகையணங் குறுத்தல்






அணங்குகொல் ஆய்மயில் கொல்லோ கனங்குழை
மாதர்கொல் மாலும்என் நெஞ்சு / 1081
   
அவள் விண்ணில் இருக்க வேண்டியவள்
மண்ணில் அவள் பாதம் பட்டதால்
பூமி பூப்புடைகிறது
மயங்கும் மனதுக்கு விடை எது?

நோக்கினாள் நோக்கெதிர் நோக்குதல் தாக்கணங்கு
தானைக்கொண் டன்னது உடைத்து / 1082

ஓராயிரம் வேல் கொண்டு
தாக்கிய உணர்வு இவளது
கடைப்பார்வைக்கு என்றால்
கட்டழகி என்னை
வெட்டி வீழ்த்திவிட்டாளே
பட்டென்று பார்வையில்
  
பண்டறியேன் கூற்றென் பதனை இனியறிந்தேன்
பெண்டகையால் பேரமார்க் கட்டு / 1083

உயிரோடு உயிர் விலகுவதை
கண்டு கொண்டேன்
பெண்ணே!
உன் பார்வை என்ன 
எமனின் தூதுவனா?

கண்டார் உயிருண்ணும் தோற்றத்தால் பெண்டகைப்
பேதைக்கு அமர்த்தன கண் / 1084

பெண்ணே நீ கத்தியின்றி ரத்தமின்றி
கண்களால் கொலை செய்ய
தெரிந்த அழகிய இராட்ஸசி!

கூற்றமோ கண்ணோ பிணையோ மடவரல்
நோக்கம்இம் மூன்றும் உடைத்து  / 1085
  
நீ
என்ன பாடசாலை?
எல்லாவற்றையும் கண்களாலே
விளக்கி விடுகிறாயே..
மானைப் போன்ற கண்கள்
துள்ளிகுதித்தாடும் கண்கள்
உயிரை ஊனுடன் பறித்தெடுக்கும் கண்கள்
ஐயோ!
சர்வகலா சாலையில்
நித்தமும் கீதம் பாடுபவள் நீ !

கொடும்புருவம் கோடா மறைப்பின் நடுங்கஞார்
செய்யல மன்இவள் கண் / 1086 

பெண்ணே,
இரண்டு வானவில்லை
கொண்டுள்ள அழகிய நிலவு
உன் கண்கள்:
வளைந்த புருவம் நேரானால்
உன் கண்களின் வீச்சிலிருந்து
தப்பித்துக் கொள்வேனோ

கடாஅக் களிற்றின்மேல் கட்படாம் மாதர்
படாஅ முலைமேல் துகில் / 1087 

யானைக்கு முகபடாம் போட்டு மறைத்ததை போல
உன் மனதையும்
மூடாதே பெண்ணே!
மேகம் மறைத்தாலும்
நிலவு தெரிகிறதே!

ஒண்ணுதற் கோஒ உடைந்ததே ஞாட்பினுள்
நண்ணாரும் உட்கும்என் பீடு / 1088
  
ஆயிரம் பேரை வென்று
பரணி கொண்டவன் நான்!
உன் நெற்றிவாள் என்னை
வீழ்த்தியதடி ஒரு நொடியில்.

பிணையோர் மடநோக்கும் நாணும் உடையாட்கு
அணிஎவனோ ஏதில தந்து / 1089

மானின் கண்கள்
பட்டாசுப் பார்வை
மேகம் மூடும் நாணம்
இவற்றைவிட உனக்கு அழகு
சேர்க்க அணிகலன்கள் உண்டா?

உண்டார்கண் அல்லது அடுநறாக் காமம்போல்
கண்டார் மகிழ்செய்தல் இன்று / 1090

தொட்டதும் போதை தரும்
மதுவை விட,
கண்டதும் காதல் தரும் உன்
கண்களை விட
வேறெதும் மகிழ்ச்சி உண்டா?

(முப்பால் தந்த முதல்கவிதை (2010) 
ஆசிரியர் – பிரியா கிருஷ்ணன் 
– கவிதை நூலிலிருந்து, இன்பத்துபாலின் முதல் அதிகாரம்.)

Monday, 19 September 2016

“Father of Indian Prehistory- Robert Bruce Foote”

I took a photograph of his graveyard when I visited… a legend... - Dr. PriyaKrishnan


*Robert Bruce Foote joined in Geological Survey of India in September 1858 when he was a Youngman of 24 years and retired as a Senior Superintendent in 1891 at the age of 57, after an active service of 33 years. The greater part of his service was spent in South India mostly in the Madras Presidency, where he worked in conjunction with Dr.W.King on the Cuddapah and Kurnool systems. Much of our knowledge of the geology of the crystalline rocks of the Peninsular South and of the recognition and separation of the Dharwar system from the crystalline complex is due to his great labours spread over long years. His field – researches in the south also firmly established the division of the Archaean rocks into two entirely distinct systems. This geological division has been found to hold good for all other regions. His paper on “the Dharwar system, the chief auriferous rock series of South India “, is an important landmark in Indian geology. After he left the Survey in 1891, he worked for three years as a geologist for the Baroda state and published a useful monograph on the Geology and Mineral resources of the State. Later he helped the Mysore State to organize the state geological service. Later he took up his residence at Yercaud at Shevaroy hills in Salem district, and carried on almost single-handed his field –research both in Geology and Prehistory till 1904.

Besides his monumental work on the crystalline rocks of peninsular India, he also undertook with great success Palaeontological and Stratigraphical researches in the South. In Pleistocene Paleontology and Stratigraphy he made some important contributions. He discovered and described a new species of Rhinoceros from the cotton soil at Belgaum which he named as R.deccanensis. He also carried out explorations and excavations of the ancient caves of Billasurgam in Kurnool in 1864 and found a number of prehistoric fauna and artifacts. The fauna were later examined by Dr.Lydekker in 1866.

In the field of prehistory and Pleistocene Geology of India, he was a pioneer, aptly described as the “Father of Indian Prehistory”. Indeed, compared to his great work on solid geology, his work in Indian prehistory and Prehistoric Geology was even greater. He discovered a large number of stone – age sites in various parts of peninsular India. He made extensive studies on the geographical distribution of Paleolithic and Neolithic sites and on tool techniques and typological classification. It was on the 30th of May, 1863, that he made the momentous discovery of unearthing the first Paleolithic Hand axe from lateric gravels at Pallavaram in Madras, followed up by further finds in Attrampakkam Nullah in September 1863 in the same district. By 1864 he became a confirmed collector, and with increasing years his enthusiasm for prehistory increased. In 1868 Foote took Indian prehistory to England, when he read two interesting papers on his discoveries. The first was read before the Geological Society of London and the second before the international Prehistory Congress at Norwick. In 1873 the International Exhibition at Vienna displayed a part of his collections.

Working between 1863 and 1904 Foote discovered as many as 459 prehistoric sites in peninsular India, among these 42 sites belonged to the Paleolithic age and 252 to the Neolithic. His massive collections of prehistoric artifacts now housed in the Madras Museum and in the Indian Museum Calcutta,  are a veritable treasure for research scholars in India prehistory. The greatest value of the Foote collection is the light it throws on the horizontal and vertical distribution of archaeolithic cultures in India. Many scholars in this country have fruitfully followed up Bruce Foote’s trail of work in many regions of southern and western India and are extending further his discoveries. His basic field date recorded from many sites has been utilized in  further increasing further our knowledge of Indian prehistory in later years. His meticulously detailed investigations in different aspects of Prehistory and Geology of early man in India – need a thorough appraisal to-day. It was he who first attempted scientific studies on correlations between Prehistory and Geology in India. His publications distributed over a wide range of journals in India have laid the foundation of our knowledge in this twin field of science of Prehistory and Geology of India. It was he who first brought to light the problem of the hiatus between the formations containing Paleolithic and Neolithic artifacts in South India. This is theory with which John Evans may be mentioned, who in 1859 pointed out the existence of a great gap or hiatus in Europe. In the same year, the authenticities of ‘Boucher de Perthes’ handaxes of Abbeville were scientifically admitted. So it then appeared to Bruce Foote that the existence of a similar gap is supported by geological features as exposed on the right bank of the Sabarmati River in Gujarat. This was later followed up by Krishnaswami and Sankalia who found microliths insitu in the loess mounds. But the sterile layers that separate the Paleolithic gravel and silt phases from the dune soils containing microliths in Gujarat remain to be accounted for.

Foote’s discovery of microliths embedded in the fossil dunes (Teris) at Tinnevelly near the tip of the Penninsula was followed up by Aiyappan and later Zeuner and Allchin, confirming a high antiquity (Mesolithic) of the Teri industry. The occurrence of prehistoric ash mounds in the Deccan, first noticed by Mackenzie and later by Newblod, was followed up by Bruce Foote in1872, who recorded over a dozen of such sites and first pointed out that the mounds are of cow dung and are of Neolithic origin (later confirmed). Allchin followed up Foote’s hypothesis and confirmed it in his recent publication on the “Neolithic cattle keepers if south India”. Foote’s observations have been further extended and fruitfully utilized by a number of Indian and foreign scholars. His extensive collection of prehistoric artifacts form various parts of Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad and Baroda was purchased by the Madras Museum in 1904 and a special hall was built for its reception in the Archaeology section in the Madras Museum. It was then proposed that a Catalogue of the entire collection should be prepared by Foote himself. By the end of 1908 the specimens had already been numbered and arranged. The completion of the catalogue, was however, unfortunately retarded by his ill – health and failing eye-sight during the last year of his life. The Catalogue in two volumes was posthumously published in 1914 by the Madras Government Museum. Mr.Bruce Foote died on the 29th December 1912 at the ripe old age of 78 years.

*(Details collected from various sources of internet articles) 

Tuesday, 6 September 2016

ஆலாம்பரைக் கோட்டை

மரக்காணத்திற்கு முன்னதாக – கடற்கரை சாலையிலிருந்து மூன்று கி.மீ கடலை நோக்கி பயணித்தால் வரும் இந்த புராதன இடம்.

இடது சுவர்ப்பகுதி முழுதும் கடலலைகள் மோதவெறும் மணற்குவியலாக காட்சியளிக்கும் இந்த கோட்டைக்கு வெளியே, சுனாமியால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட பகுதிகள் மற்றும் மீனவக் கிராமம் ஒன்றையும் பார்க்க முடிகிறது. அங்கிருக்கும் மீனவர்களுக்கு வருமானம் என்பது மீன்பிடித் தொழில் மற்றும் அங்குவரும் வெளிநாட்டு சுற்றுலா பயணிகளுக்கு படகுசவாரி செய்வதன் மூலம் கிட்டுகிறது.


கி பி 17-லிருந்து 18-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டுக்குள் கட்டப்பட்ட இந்தக் கோட்டையினை, கி பி 1750-ல் ஆங்கிலேயரை எதிர்க்க உதவிய பிரெஞ்சு தளபதி டியூப்ள்ஸ்க்கு, சுபேதார் முசாபர்ஜங் பரிசளித்துள்ளார். கி பி 1760-ல் பிரெஞ்சுப் படையினை வெற்றிக் கொண்ட ஆங்கிலேய படை இக்கோட்டையினை கைப்பற்றிச் சிதைத்துள்ளது
 
மழைக்காலங்களில் சரிந்து விழும் சுவர்களும், உப்புக்காற்றில் கரையும் கற்களும், மரங்கள் படர்ந்து மறைக்கப்பட்ட மதில்களும் இன்னும் எத்தனை நாளைக்கு இருக்கும் எனத் தெரியவில்லை..காரணம்காலத்தின் கரங்கள் இதன் தோற்றத்தை வெகுவாக சுரண்டிக்கொண்டிருக்கின்றனதொல்லியல் துறையால் பாதுகாக்கப்பட்டுள்ள போதிலும்.

செங்கல் மற்றும் சுண்ணாம்பு கலவையைக் கொண்டு சுமார் 15 ஏக்கர் பரப்பளவில் கட்டப்பட்ட இக்கோட்டை இப்போது சிதைந்த நிலையிலும் தனது சமகால வரலாற்றை நினைவுப் படுத்திக் கொண்டுதான் நிற்கிறது. இக்கோட்டையின் அன்றைய நாணயச் சாலையின் பொறுப்பு அதிகாரத்தை வகித்தபொட்டிபத்தன்என்பவர், கடப்பாக்கம் காசி விஸ்வநாதர் கோவிலையும் அதனருகில் ஒரு குளத்தையும் வெட்டினான். அது
மட்டுமல்லாது காசி யாத்திரை செல்லும் யாத்திரிகர்கள் தங்கிச் செல்வதற்கு ஏதுவாக ஒரு சத்திரத்தையும் கட்டி வைத்தான்.

இது காசிப்பட்டை என இன்றும் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுஅந்த பெருவழி தற்போது கோட்டைக்கு மேற்கில் 2 மைல் தூரத்தில் செல்கிறது.
*

தொல்லியல் துறையால் இங்கு வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள பலகையில் எழுதப்பட்டுள்ள வரலாறு… கிழக்கு கடற்கரையில் அமைந்துள்ள ஆலம்பரை, பண்டைய நாளில் ஒரு துறைமுகப் பட்டினமாகத் திகழ்ந்துள்ளது. சங்ககால இலக்கியமான சிறுபாணாற்றுப்படையின் மூலம் இப்பகுதி இடைக்கழி நாடு என பெயர் பெற்றிருந்ததாக அறியப்படுகிறது. கி.பி.18 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் முகமதியர்களால் ஆலம்பரையில் கோட்டை கட்டப்பட்டது.


செங்கற்களாலும் சுண்ணாம்பினாலும் கட்டப்பட்ட சதுர வடிவிலான கண்காணிப்பு நிலை மாடங்களுடன் அமைந்துள்ள இக்கோட்டை சுமார் 15 ஏக்கர் நிலப்பரப்பில் அமைந்துள்ளது
நவாபுகளின் ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில் ஆலம்பரை துறைமுகப் பட்டினமாக திகழ்ந்துள்ளது. இக்கோட்டையின் கீழ்ப்புறம் படகுத்துறை ஒன்று கப்பலில் உள்ள பொருட்களை ஏற்றி இறக்க அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதுபடகுத்துறையின் நீளம் சுமார் 100 மீட்டர் ஆகும்
அவற்றின் பகுதிகள் தற்போதும் காணப்படுகின்றன.

ஆலம்பரை படகுத்துறையிலிருந்து சரிகைத் துணிவகைகள், உப்பு, நெய் போன்றவை
ஏற்றுமதி செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஆலம்பரையில் அமைந்திருந்த நாணயச் சாலையில், ஆலம்பரைக் காசு, ஆலம்பரை வராகன் ஆகிய நாணயங்கள் அச்சடிக்கப்பட்டன. இந்நாணயச் சாலையின் பொறுப்பாளராக இருந்த பொட்டிபத்தன், கிழக்கு கடற்கரை வழியாக காசி, இராமேஸ்வரத்திற்கு தீர்த்தயாத்திரை செல்லும் யாத்திரிகர்களுக்காகச் சிவன் கோயிலையும், பெரிய குளம் மற்றும் சத்திரத்தினையும் ஏற்படுத்தினார். .தமிழ்நாடு தொல்லியல் துறை இச்சின்னத்தினைப் பராமரித்து பாதுகாத்து வருகிறது
 *
தொல்லியல் துறையினரால் அகழ்வாராச்சி செய்யப்பட்டு, ஆற்காடு நவாப் தோஸ்த் அலிகான் காலத்தில் பயன்படுத்திய கல்லால் ஆன பீரங்கிக் குண்டுகள், ஈயக் குண்டுகள், பீங்கான் பாத்திரங்கள், மண்பானை ஓடுகள்,  காசுகள் தயாரிக்க பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட செப்பால் ஆன ஆலம்பனப் பொருட்களின் மிச்சங்கள், புகைப் பிடிக்கும் சுருள் குழாய்கள், இரும்புக் கழிவுகள், விலங்குகளின் எலும்புகள் போன்றவை மட்டுமின்றி,  குழந்தைகளின் விளையாட்டில் பயன்படும் வட்டச்சில்லுகள், வட்டச்சுற்றி, தாயத்து, கண்ணாடிப் பொருட்கள் போன்றவையும் கிடைத்துள்ளன

சுற்றுலாவாசிகள் வந்துபோகும் இக்கோட்டையும் அதனை சார்ந்து அமைந்துள்ள கடற்கரை மிக ரம்மியமாகக் காட்சி அளிக்கிறது. வரலாற்றுச் சுவடுகளை இன்றும் பறை சாற்றிக் கொண்டிருக்கும் இந்த ஆலபராக் கோட்டையினை பாதுகாக்க வேண்டியது நமது கடமையாகும்..

Friday, 19 August 2016

Recent Archaeological Explorations in Shervarayan Hills, Tamil Nadu

- Dr. PriyaKrishnan
 The role of tourism and the establishment of tea and coffee estates are the major causes that confront many of the archaeological remains in Yercaud. Some of the most extensive dolmen sites to be identified by Robert Bruce Foote and his successors in the picturesque hill had been almost razed to ground for the development of tourist resorts cropped up in every nook and corner. The dolmen site of Kilmondambadi (Foote 1916), cist burials of Karadiyur, Moganad (Foote 1916), Talaisolai and Sengadu irrespective of its antiquity had fallen as lame victims to cater the needs of coffee estates. The presence of graves is seen at these places only as a trash pits or as boundary stones planted in the estates. The Neolithic implements identified at the site of Muluvi are also fast disappearing due to the expansion of these

estates (fig. Shervarayan Hills, Tamil Nadu: Archaeological sites)

Earlier studies on Neolithic and Iron Age Culture from Shervarayan Hills

Neolithic Culture
The credit for putting Salem in the archaeological map of South India largely owe to a host of British explorers during the pre-independence era. With its congenial geographical set up, the

Salem region more particularly the Shervarayan hills was identified as a potent area of research for the antiquity of early mankind.

After the first discovery of Palaeolithic implements in Pallavaram by Robert Bruce Foote, he turned his attention towards this area in search of prehistoric settlements. Foote however did not succeed in discovering any significant tool assemblages from this place; instead he located few sites with Neolithic traits in the Shervarayan hills. But even before Foote, it was Surgeon General Cornish who could be credited for the discovery of Neolithic sites in Salem.

In the year 1864, Foote made an extensive survey and sporadically found Neolithic implements from the ploughed fields which were collected by the local while tilling the land. They were subsequently housed in the small temples for worship. Later during the course of his exploration in the Shervarayan hills, he came across the site of Vattalmalai lying northwest of the hill. Apart from this site, other sites of Neolithic period was centred on the northern part of the then undivided Salem represented by the present districts Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri.

Along with these tools, Foote also noticed some curious artefacts what he calls as the Ring stones and Slick stones. He noticed that the ring stones are the common form found along with Neolithic implements at this area. The next group of artefacts consist of the representative specimens of stone artefacts like Phallus (?), Mullers and Terracotta discs.

Other objects such as the mullers and pottery discs are the commonest varieties found in

Neolithic settlements. The descriptions of Foote also accounts for many significant observations upon the availability and selection of raw materials by the Neolithic people of this region.

Although much of Foote’s work was based on surface findings, nevertheless his untiring efforts provided stimulus to the pre-historic studies. His discoveries laid down firm foundation to many of his successors to study the Neolithic culture in Tamil Nadu. On the whole, the contribution made by Foote can be aptly called as the formative phase of South Indian Archaeology in general and Neolithic in particular.

After the initiative work of Foote we find considerable cessation of archaeological activities pertaining to South India. No admirable survey was ever attempted and hardly made any problem-oriented research towards the Neolithic remains. It was only in post independence era that the research of Neolithic culture received fresh impetus at the hands of B. Narasimhaiah of the Archaeological Survey of India through his explorations. His intensive survey conducted over the northern parts of Tamil Nadu brought to light concentration of sites atop the Shervarayan as Kavalkaransamy. 






No.
Site
DD_X
DD_Y
Taluk
Period
Type
Reference

1
Karadiyur
78.19778
11.84611
Yercaud
Iron Age
CC-U, Cist, Dolmen
Foote 1916: 61-62










2
Muluvi
78.20944
11.84889
Yercaud
Neolithic period,
Celt, CC-U
IAR 1962-63:13

Iron Age


















3
Senkadu
78.25417
11.80194
Yercaud
Iron Age
CC
Davood 2003










4
Talaisolai
78.26750
11.80139
Yercaud
Iron Age, Historical
CC, Memorial stone
Davood 2003






period



5
Semmamnattam
78.21483
11.86597
Yercaud
Neolithic period
Celt
-


Pudur







6
Nadur
78.19361
11.81278
Yercaud
Neolithic period,
Celt, Memorial
-

Historical period
stone

















7
Velur
78.17456
11.81900
Yercaud
Neolithic period
Celt
-










8
Poolakkadu
78.20889
11.86356
Yercaud
Neolithic period
Celt
-










9
Servarayankovil
78.21675
11.80844
Yercaud
Iron Age
Dolmen
-
















and Kalvarayan hills. The site of Vattalmalai was reinvestigated and hundreds of polished Stone Axes, worshipped as cult objects were found. Microlithic tools made on quartz and chalcedony belonging to Late Stone Age were also reported to occur with the stone axes (Narasimhaiah 1980: 31). His expedition too failed to produce any noteworthy habitation area from the Neolithic period.

But the study of Narasimhaiah made a positive approach and expanded the scope of Neolithic archaeology of Salem region. Meanwhile the same period witnessed addition of few isolated finds by the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Madras at the site of

Muluvi near Yercaud in Shervarayan hills (IAR 1962-63: 13).

Iron Age Culture

The documentation of Megalithic remains in Salem region was initiated by Robert Bruce Foote. Irrespective of his interest over Palaeolithic remains, his descriptions about the

Megalithic monuments are still valid for their accuracy. He identified that the western and northern parts of Shervarayan hills were rich in dolmens. While assessing the archaeological wealth of Salem region, Foote contents to draw that Shervarayan hill possessed with more Iron Age reserves than the Neolithic age (Foote 1916: 61). His explorations were chiefly concentrated on the western and the northern part of the Shervarayan hills. They were found to be rich in dolmens. A group of three sites namely Kilmondampadi, Karadiyur and Moganad were investigated by him. But his description over the opening the group of burials at Kilmondampadi are quite vague to understand weather he really goes to describe dolmens.


In the year 1875 Justice M.J. Walhouse made several additions by discovering a number of sites containing dolmens and cist burials at Shervarayan hills. From his accounts one could observe that many of the burials had subsidiary cists around the main chambers (Walhouse 1875). The government of India in the year 1882 appointed Robert Sewell to compile the antiquarian remains throughout Tamil Nadu. Consequent to his visits to Dharmapuri and Salem numerous sites were newly identified and added in his volume (Sewell 1882).

Evidence of Neoliths from Shervarayan Hills

From this region majority of the cultural material from Neolithic period are polished stone axes and these axes at Shervarayan hills were collected by the local people from the nearby stream and cultivated field as Samikkal (god stone) and placed them in a small temple called Pillaiyarkoyil in every village. Though the tradition is of recent years, the location and typological aspects of these tools within the landscape suggest that these tools belongs to Neolithic Age but this aspect is yet to be confirmed with concrete Neolithic habitation sites.


 Muluvi (11°51’05.4” N; 078°12’16.5” E)

The village Muluvi lies 14 km north of Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills in district Salemt. Neolithic implements like hand axes and polished stone tools are found in the Pillaiyarkovil (Ganesh temple) constructed on the northern side of the Mariyammankovil. The polished tools are measuring 5 to 18 cm in length and 4.5 to 7 cm in breadth. Thirty Five polished tools are found under the tree (fig. 22). It is locally called as Samikkal. Nearly Eleven grooves used for polishing the edges of the Neolithic tools are noticed on the bedrock located in front of the Mariyammankovil (fig. 23). These shallow troughs look alike to the shallow trough used for manufacturing the Polished Stone Axe during Neolithic times. Such shallow grooves were reported earlier at Sangnakallu-Kupagal in district Bellary of Karnataka and recently reported at Keezanur on the Javadi hills (The Hindu, 2013:20) in district Vellore of Tamil Nadu 

Semmamnattam Pudur (11°50’39.5” N; 078°12’53.4”)

The village Semmamnattam Pudur is located about 17 km north of Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills. A small temple built of four slabs looking like a dolmen known as Maniyappankoyil is noticed at the northern side of the village. A polished stone tool measuring 8 cm in length placed inside the temple and there tool is called as Samikkal.

Velur (11°49’08.4” N; 078°10’28.4”)
 The village Velur lies 12 km west of Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills. Neolithic implements like hand axes and polished stone tools are found in the Pillaiyarkovil (Ganesha temple) on the southern side of the village and Ramarkovil on the eastern side of the village.
 The polished tools are measuring 4 to 15 cm. About fifty polished tools are found in the Pillaiyarkovil and four polished tools are found in the Ramarkovil


 It is locally called as Samikkal.  

Nadur (11°48’46.0” N; 078°10’28.4” E)

Nadur lies 9 km west of the Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills. A small temple built of four slabs looking like a dolmen known as Pillaiyarkoyil (Ganesha temple) is noticed at the northern side 
 of the Mariyammankovil in centre of the village. More than ten polished stone tools measuring 7 to 14 cm in length placed inside the temple and these tools are called as Samikkal (fig. 26).
 There are three late medieval period memorial stones found on the northern side of the Mariyammankovil locally known



Poolakkadu (11°51’48.8” N; 078°12’32.0” E)

The small village Poolakkadu is located 15 km north of the village Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills. Neolithic implements like hand axes and polished stone tools are found in front of the Mariyammankovil constructed on the western side of the village. The polished tools are measuring 7 to 14 cm in length and 4 to 7 cm in breath. Four polished tools are found under the tree. It is locally called as Samikkal.

Iron Age - Early Historic Sites

Previously four Iron Age sites reported and during the present survey two more Iron Age burial sites were located in the Yearcaud on the Shervarayan hills. A brief description of the sites is given below.


Muluvi (11°51’05.4” N; 078°12’16.5” E)

The terracotta figurine collected by R.B. Foote from the site of Muluvi is one of the rarest finds found in this region from Iron Age site (Foote 1916: 62). It’s rudimentary form and heavy hair style dressed in short ringlets around the head leads us to assume its age dating back to Megalithic times. Iron Age Urn burials are reported by Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Madras (IAR 1962-63: 13).

Karadiyur (11°50’39.5” N; 078°12’01.4” E)

Karadiyur lies 14 km northwest of the Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills. Iron Age cist burial and urn burial were noticed by Robert Bruce Foote (Foote 1916).

Iron Age dolmens are found during the present exploration on eastern side of the village. There are two dolmens are found in the coffee estate. Instead of slabs, chamber walls were made of small rubble placed in 3 to 5 courses to the height of 50-60 cm. The whole structure or chamber is surrounded with two circles. The inner circle had slabs placed at regular intervals around the capstone except on the eastern side. It is locally known as Pandiyanveedu. The dolmen measures to 3 to 5 m in height and the circle is raised 1 m from the surface. The cairn circle was built of boulders kept at regular intervals.



Servarayan Kovil (11°48’30.4” N; 078°13’00.3” E)

The temple Servarayan Kovil lies 7 km north of Yercaud on the Shervarayan hills. Iron Age dolmens are found a km away from temple and the place is called Paaikadu. More than twenty dolmens are found on the rocky surface locally known as Pandiyanveedu. Dolmens made of four dressed orthostats enclosed with flat capstone are found in the present stone quarry area. The dolmen measured 5 m to 7 and the chamber is 2.5x1.0x0.30. The circle is raised 1 m from the rocky surface. The cairn circle was built of boulders kept at regular intervals.

Discussions

The modern surveys reveal that the Shervarayan hills are rich in archaeological remains. The

Neolithic sites have been identified mainly in the hilly area of the Shervarayan hills. But no

Neolithic settlements like habitation and potteries have been reported in these hills so for, although polished stone axes and grooves have been found in this hill.

Identification of the Iron Age - Early Historic burial sites exist in this region. The hilly areas have been met with dolmens, stone circles, cist burials and cairn circles. They are buried near the rivulet. The dolmens are known as Pandiyan-Veedu. The cairn circles are known as Pandiyan thittu and Pandiyan-Veedu.

However, lack of excavation prevented our understanding on the nature of cultural developments in this eco-zone. Well planned and problem-oriented excavations in future alone could solve the research problems related to the megalithic burials.


References

Foote, R.B. (1916) Pre Historic And Proto Historic Antiquities of India, Leladevi Publications, Delhi.

(IAR) Indian Archaeology A Review 1961-62, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi. (IAR) Indian Archaeology A Review 1962-63, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi. Phillips, Rev. Maurice (1873) Tumuli in the Salem District, Indian Antiquary (2).

Narasimhaiah, B. (1980) Neolithic and Megalithic Culture in Tamil Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi.

Rajannan, Busnagi (1992) Salem Cyclopaedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu, Institute of Kongu Society, Salem.

Sewell, Robert (1882) List of Antiquarian Remains in Presidency of Madras, Archaeological Survey of India, Madras.

Walhouse, M.J. (1875) Notes on the Megalithic Monuments in the Coimbatore District, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series (7).

About the author

Dr priyakrishnan is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Tamil, Chennai. Her areas of interest are pre-history and historical period.

(Article Courtesy : 
Heritage and Us - Year 2, Issue 4, Dec 2013/Jan 2014 ISSN 2319-1201 / © Heritage Conservators, New Delhi, 2012)

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