I took a photograph
of his graveyard when I visited… a legend... - Dr. PriyaKrishnan
*Robert Bruce
Foote joined in Geological Survey of India in September 1858 when he was a
Youngman of 24 years and retired as a Senior Superintendent in 1891 at the age
of 57, after an active service of 33 years. The greater part of his service was
spent in South India mostly in the Madras Presidency, where he worked in
conjunction with Dr.W.King on the Cuddapah and Kurnool systems. Much of our knowledge of the
geology of the crystalline rocks of the Peninsular South and of the recognition
and separation of the Dharwar system from the crystalline complex is due to his
great labours spread over long years. His field – researches in the south also
firmly established the division of the Archaean rocks into two entirely
distinct systems. This geological division has been found to hold good for all
other regions. His paper on “the Dharwar system, the chief auriferous rock
series of South India “, is an important
landmark in Indian geology. After he left the Survey in 1891, he worked for
three years as a geologist for the Baroda
state and published a useful monograph on the Geology and Mineral resources of
the State. Later he helped the Mysore
State to organize the
state geological service. Later he took up his residence at Yercaud at Shevaroy
hills in Salem
district, and carried on almost single-handed his field –research both in
Geology and Prehistory till 1904.
Besides his
monumental work on the crystalline rocks of peninsular India, he also undertook
with great success Palaeontological and Stratigraphical researches in the
South. In Pleistocene Paleontology and Stratigraphy he made some important
contributions. He discovered and described a new species of Rhinoceros from the
cotton soil at Belgaum
which he named as R.deccanensis. He also carried out explorations and
excavations of the ancient caves of Billasurgam in Kurnool in 1864 and found a number of
prehistoric fauna and artifacts. The fauna were later examined by Dr.Lydekker
in 1866.
In the field
of prehistory and Pleistocene Geology of India, he was a pioneer, aptly
described as the “Father of Indian Prehistory”. Indeed, compared to his great
work on solid geology, his work in Indian prehistory and Prehistoric Geology
was even greater. He discovered a large number of stone – age sites in various
parts of peninsular India .
He made extensive studies on the geographical distribution of Paleolithic and
Neolithic sites and on tool techniques and typological classification. It was
on the 30th of May, 1863, that he made the momentous discovery of
unearthing the first Paleolithic Hand axe from lateric gravels at Pallavaram in
Madras ,
followed up by further finds in Attrampakkam Nullah in September 1863 in the
same district. By 1864 he became a confirmed collector, and with increasing
years his enthusiasm for prehistory increased. In 1868 Foote took Indian
prehistory to England ,
when he read two interesting papers on his discoveries. The first was read
before the Geological Society of London and the second before the international
Prehistory Congress at Norwick. In 1873 the International Exhibition at Vienna displayed a part
of his collections.
Working between 1863 and 1904 Foote
discovered as many as 459 prehistoric sites in peninsular India , among these 42 sites
belonged to the Paleolithic age and 252 to the Neolithic. His massive
collections of prehistoric artifacts now housed in the Madras
Museum and in the Indian Museum
Calcutta, are a veritable treasure for
research scholars in India
prehistory. The greatest value of the Foote collection is the light it throws
on the horizontal and vertical distribution of archaeolithic cultures in India . Many
scholars in this country have fruitfully followed up Bruce Foote’s trail of
work in many regions of southern and western India and are extending further his
discoveries. His basic field date recorded from many sites has been utilized
in further increasing further our
knowledge of Indian prehistory in later years. His meticulously detailed
investigations in different aspects of Prehistory and Geology of early man in
India – need a thorough appraisal to-day. It was he who first attempted
scientific studies on correlations between Prehistory and Geology in India . His
publications distributed over a wide range of journals in India have laid
the foundation of our knowledge in this twin field of science of Prehistory and
Geology of India. It was he who first brought to light
the problem of the hiatus between the formations containing Paleolithic and
Neolithic artifacts in South India . This is
theory with which John Evans may be mentioned, who in 1859 pointed out the
existence of a great gap or hiatus in Europe .
In the same year, the authenticities of ‘Boucher de Perthes’ handaxes of
Abbeville were scientifically admitted. So it then appeared to Bruce Foote that
the existence of a similar gap is supported by geological features as exposed
on the right bank of the Sabarmati River in Gujarat .
This was later followed up by Krishnaswami and Sankalia who found microliths
insitu in the loess mounds. But the sterile layers that separate the
Paleolithic gravel and silt phases from the dune soils containing microliths in
Gujarat remain to be accounted for.
Foote’s discovery of microliths
embedded in the fossil dunes (Teris) at Tinnevelly near the tip of the Penninsula
was followed up by Aiyappan and later Zeuner and Allchin, confirming a high
antiquity (Mesolithic) of the Teri industry. The occurrence of prehistoric ash
mounds in the Deccan , first noticed by
Mackenzie and later by Newblod, was followed up by Bruce Foote in1872, who
recorded over a dozen of such sites and first pointed out that the mounds are
of cow dung and are of Neolithic origin (later confirmed). Allchin followed up
Foote’s hypothesis and confirmed it in his recent publication on the “Neolithic
cattle keepers if south India ”.
Foote’s observations have been further extended and fruitfully utilized by a
number of Indian and foreign scholars. His extensive collection of prehistoric
artifacts form various parts of Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad and Baroda was
purchased by the Madras Museum in 1904 and a special hall was built for its
reception in the Archaeology section in the Madras Museum. It was then proposed
that a Catalogue of the entire collection should be prepared by Foote himself.
By the end of 1908 the specimens had already been numbered and arranged. The
completion of the catalogue, was however, unfortunately retarded by his ill –
health and failing eye-sight during the last year of his life. The Catalogue in
two volumes was posthumously published in 1914 by the Madras Government
Museum . Mr.Bruce Foote
died on the 29th December 1912 at the ripe old age of 78 years.
*(Details collected from various sources of internet articles)
*(Details collected from various sources of internet articles)